Leadership Theory Vs. Transactional Leadership - 1819 Words

Introduction: Leadership and the study of it date back to the beginning of civilization and interest in the field remains high. Leadership theory has historically evolved from its early focus on Great Man (Lincoln, Caesar, Churchill and Gandhi) and trait theory to the modern studies of leadership effectiveness approaches. Several theories have been framed to explain leadership effectiveness. The two of the most popular leadership theories are Transformational and Transactional leadership types. Even though most authors agree that Transactional and Transformational leadership are different in theory and practice, many authors believe that transformational leadership significantly supplements transactional leadership, resulting in higher levels of individual, team, and organizational performance (Bass Avolio, 1994). Other authors believe that Transactional leadership is a subset of transformational leadership (Weihrich et al, 2008). The objective of this critique paper is to provide analysis of the two leadership styles, comparing, contrasting them and outlining weaknesses of each method, illustrating them with personal experience examples where applicable. Transactional Leadership also known as conventional leadership or simply â€Å"management† is a concept that was first explored in the socio-economic context by Weber (1947) and subsequently adopted by other researchers. This leadership style focuses on the principles of exchange between the managers and employees who takeShow MoreRelatedTransactional Vs. Transactional Leadership Theory1314 Words   |  6 Pages2 Transactional Leadership theory According to Burns, a transactional leader was someone â€Å"who approaches followers with an eye to exchange one thing for another: jobs for votes, or subsidies to include for campaign contributions† (Klinsontorn, 2007, p.35). An example using Burns definition, it would be like a boss paying extra incentive for its employee who does the most sales. Thus, followers obtain rewards for job performance, while leaders benefit from the completion of tasks. Transactional leadersRead MoreTransactional Vs. Transformational Leadership Theory Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesThe first set of opposing leadership theories I would like to review is transactional vs. transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is based on an exchange between leaders and followers. This type of leader establishes a reward-based system in order to incentivize workers. In transactional leadership theory managers seek to find what employees want and then incentivize them to achieve high performance thr ough a rewards-based approach. The employee provides job performance and is rewardedRead MoreTheory and Practice of Transactional-Transformational Leadership843 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSACTIONAL-TRANSFORMATIO Theory and Practice of Transactional-Transformational Leadership THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSACTIONAL-TRANSFORMATIO Abstract This essay details the different behaviors characterized by the contemporary transactional and transformational leadership models. The specific behaviors of each model are reviewed and their corresponding relation to motivation of individuals and teams are assessed. Both leadership techniquesRead MoreLeadership Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership Essay Do I possess the traits and behaviors associated with leadership? If not, can I now learn how to be a leader at this stage of my life? What kind of leader am I? Is that the kind of leader I want to be? What do my superiors, co-workers, friends, and family think of my leadership style and ability? Why am I sometimes uncomfortable talking about myself as a leader? Working my way through the text, interviewing colleagues, and checking into other resources, I can form a personal pictureRead MoreLeadership Model Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is leadership? Leadership is the behaviour of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group towards a shared goal. (Hemphill and Coons, 1957, p.7) A leader is interpreted as someone who sets direction in an effort and influences people to follow that direction. How they set that direction and influence people depends on a variety of factors. To really comprehend the territory of leadership, one should briefly scan some of the maj or theories, notice various styles of leadershipRead MoreTransactional Leadership in Nursing1130 Words   |  5 PagesTransformational Vs. Transactional Leadership In Professional Nursing Introduction Leadership development in the nursing profession is important because it directly impacts the care that is delivered to clients. Transactional and Transformational leadership styles are two very different methods of leadership in the nursing profession. This Essay will compare and contrast these two styles and support that transformational leadership style inspires quality care, job satisfaction and improved patientRead MoreAnalysis Of Organizational Management During The United States Military1545 Words   |  7 PagesStates Military Throughout history, the theory of what constitutes effective management practice has evolved with the changes and advances in technology and society. However, there are basic principles of each theory that have either influenced contemporary theory or are overtly used in today’s organizations. For example, the United States military overall ascribes to a classical organizational theory of management with an emphasis on transactional leadership. In addition, there is an immense amountRead MoreTransformational Leaders And Transactional Leaders1513 Words   |  7 Pagesperception in an organization. The two managers are categorised as transformational leaders and transactional leaders. Transformational leadership is a type of leadership style that can inspire positive changes who follow. Transformational leaders are generally enthusiastic and passionate who helps all the group members to succeed in group (Cherry, 2014). Transactional Leadership is a style of leadership that promotes compliance with existing organizational norms through supervision and monitored groupRead MoreLeadership Theory, Transformational, And Transactional Theory2421 Words   |  10 Pages Leadership Theories Unit 3 PSF8603 - Management and Leadership Theory Instructor Steven Kline Capella University Ann-Marie Cameron Introduction There are a few leadership theories, but for this research I will only focus on four of these theories. The theories that will be discussed are Situational leadership theory, Contingency theory, Transformational, and Transactional theory. The theory Transformational is pondered by several to be the theory improvement for transactional leadershipRead MoreSituational Leadership Theory, Transformational, And Transactional Theory2386 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction There are a few leadership theories, but for this research I will only on four of these. The theories that will be discussed are Situational leadership theory, Contingency theory, Transformational, and Transactional theory. The theory Transformational is pondered by several to be the theory improvement for transactional leadership theory, and it appears to have a cumulative number of research studies that are supporting the benefits of this theory. So, I will also compare and discuss

Wellbeing of Elderly Australians-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How do natural Spaces sustain the health and wellbeing of elderly Australians? Answer: Introduction: Australia has been regarded as one of the country with increased number of ageing population. Presence of large number of older people means that adverse health condition and associated disability will increase. This will eventually put extra pressure on the health care system and increase the overall health cost and expenditure (Prince et al. 2015). Apart from transforming the current workforce and health care system, there is also a need for providing a safe environment to people. It has been recognized that chronic health conditions like diabetes and heart disease are the consequence of poor lifestyle and little physical activity (Kyu et al. 2016). In an effort to promote health and well-being of the elderly population, green/ natural space has been gaining attention of the government. However, the main concern is that it is not understood how far green space can be regarded as reliable source to improve and sustain health of elderly people. As there is lack of knowledge regarding the benefits of green space in reducing illness and suffering in people, the main purpose of this literature review is to gain greater insight regarding benefits of green space. To advocate for the widespread introduction of green/natural space for Australians, this literature review firstly explores the research question of How do natural/green spaces sustain or improve health and well-being of elderly Australian?. The main purpose of investigating this research question is to address the following objectives in literature review- Assess the impact of green/natural space in sustaining health and well-being of elderly Australians Collect evidence regarding the advantage of green space for mental and physical health Analyze the impact of green space in all dimensions such as physical health, mental health, social and economic benefits and decrease in health care related cost. The main focus of this literature review is to address the issue related to ageing population by providing such community environment that supports physical activity and social well-being. In this sense, green space or natural space around people has been regarded as a positive stimulant to promote health and well-being. But, there is doubt regarding how far green space can reduce overall health care burden and cost associated with illness in ageing population. (Pleson et al., 2014) is of the view that ageing restricts people to limited space due to changing social and economic roles. On the contrary, if natural space is provided to people from young age, it will allow them to engage in physical activity, live independently, reduce risk of social isolation and facilitate a sense of equity, dignity, empowerment and participation too. On the whole, green space has been regarded as a factor that promotes social engagement physical activity and relaxation. To analyze how far green space can be safe for health and well-being of elderly population, peer-review journals and other research work will be analyzed. Methods: Research methods and Search strategy: To gain insight into the research question of role of green space on sustaining health and well-being of ageing Australians, a comprehensive and systematic literature review was conducted. As the aim was to get enough evidence related to the topic study, databases like CINAHL, Global Health, Medline, PubMed and Cochrane library was searched. These database were searched to gain access to grey literature, peer reviewed journals, e-journals, periodic journals and other reports. The above mentioned databases guarantees credibility of information and coverage of wide range of perspective to analyze any topic. There are more chances to get relevant papers and excellent health related information. The key search term for finding articles to address the research question was Green space and elderly health, impact of green space on health and well-being of elderly Australians, Advantage of green space for mental health, benefits of green space in promoting social inclusion and many other terms. If no results were obtained by entering key research term, smart text searching was also done. In some case, keywords were modified also to obtain relevant articles. Two stages of eligibility screening was done for the literature review. Firstly, abstract of the article was reviewed for inclusion into the study. Secondly, all the inclusion criteria was independently reviewed in the full text of the selected articles. After being checked for inclusion criteria, the reference list was also checked to get access multi-dimensional benefits of green space for ageing population. The following figure is the result of search strategy: Figure 1: Results of the literature search Inclusion and exclusion criteria The key inclusion criteria for the systematic review include: The article must be about green space and health and well-being The article must address the research question of role of green space for health and well-being in elderly people The study population should be middle age to elderly people The article should be published in English Only those articles to be take which was published between 2007 to 2017 The exclusion criteria for searching research article included: Articles published before 2007 will not be included for systematic review Articles which do not give any detail of green/natural space will be excluded Method for research analysis After the final selection of 18 articles, all the articles were analyzed by means of an evidence based research tool called CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme) tool. This tool was selected because it is an evidence based tool that easily evaluate quality of different research articles like qualitative study, systematic review or cohort studies (Nadelson et al., 2014). The CASP tool had 10 questions to judge the quality of the research work. If any article met all the 10 criteria, it was given a five star grade. The grading of the article was done by evaluating by CASP tool. The three grading term was high quality evidence, intermediate quality evidence and low quality evidence. If the articles met 1-4 criteria of CASP tool, it was low quality evidence. When an article met 5-7 criteria of the CASP tool, it was regarded as moderated piece of evidence. A high quality paper was done that met 8-10 criteria specified in the CASP tool. The following are the list of questions on the b asis of which each article was evaluated: Figure 2: CASP tool review questions After evaluating the quality of each article by means of the CASP tool, all the articles were synthesized into different themes after review of the whole literature. On this basis, the findings of the literature review was classified into different themes. The final theme came after the literature review process as well as the brainstorming process. All the themes were reported according to narrative style. Results and discussion: Study design and quality scores: Table 1: Grade and quality of papers Serial No. Author Type of study Type of CASP tool used Quality of article 1 Reklaitiene et al. (2014) Cross-sectional study of population based sample Qualitative High 2 Van den Berg et al. (2010) Quantitative No (Manual) Poor 3 Maas et al. (2008) Quantitative No Poor 4 Thompson Coon et al. (2011) Systematic review Yes Moderate 5 Astell-Burt, T., Feng, X. and Kolt, G.S., 2013. Quantitative no High 6 Nielsen and Hansen, (2007) Quantitative no Moderate 7 Gong et al. (2014 Cohort based study Yes High 8 Tamosiunas et al. (2014) Cohort study Yes High 9 Parkinson et al. (2011) Mixed method Yes Moderate 10 Wang and MacMillan, (2013) Systematic review Yes Poor 11 Detweiler et al. (2012) Literature review No Moderate 12 Park et al. (2009) Quantitative No Moderate 13 Chen and Janke (2012) Qualitative No High 14 Whrborg et al. (2014) Cohort study Yes Moderate 15 Hawkins et al. (2011) Cross sectional qualitative study Yes High 16 (Pretty et al. 2007) Qualitative Yes Moderate 17 Lee and Maheswaran (2011) Review Yes High 18 Wolch et al. (2014) Review paper No High Table 2: Critical appraisal of articles by use of CASP tool for qualitative research: Author and year Clear statement of the aim of research Appropriateness of methodology Research design aligned to aim of research Recruitment strategy Data collection to address research issue Consideration of relation between researcher and participants Consideration of ethical issues Data analysis sufficient Clear statement of findings Value of research Reklaitiene et al. (2014) Yes Yes Yes, to some extent Yes yes No Yes Yes Yes High Parkinson et al. (2011) Yes Yes Yes yes Yes No Yes No Yes Moderate Hawkins et al. (2011) Yes Yes yes yes yes yes yes No Yes High (Pretty et al. 2007) yes Yes yes no Yes no yes yes no yes Table 3: Critical appraisal of articles by use of CASP tool for systematic review: Author and title Clear focused question addressed Analysis of right papers Important studies included Assessment of quality Results of the review combined Application to local population Consideration of important outcomes Benefits worth the harm and cost Thompson Coon et al. (2011) Yes Yes (Randomized and non-randomized study included) Yes Yes No No Little Moderate Wang and MacMillan, (2013) Yes No No Yes No NO Yes Poor Lee and Maheswaran (2011) Yes Yes Yes Yes no yes Yes High CASP tool for appraisal of Cohort based studies: Author and Date Clear focused issue Cohort recruitment in appropriate way Exposure measured to minimum biasness Identification of all confounding factors Complete follow up Belief in result Application to local population Suitability with other evidence Gong et al. (2014 Yes No Yes No yes yes yes Yes Tamosiunas et al. (2014) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Whrborg et al. (2014) Yes yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes The key themes that arise because of the thematic analysis of the literature were as follows: Positive assciation between green space and health: The most common theme from review of literature is that green space and health had a positive relation. This was demonstrated by 4-5 publications. The subthemes arising under these themes are: Green space has positive association with general health: Reklaitiene et al. (2014) examined the relation between green space, general health and depressive symptoms. This study was includes as the sample population in this group consisted of men and women between the age of 45-72 years. The cross sectional study used self-reported questionnaires to assess the proximity to green space, use of green space per week, presence of depressive symptoms and general health. The result of the study showed that prevalence of depressive symptoms was higher in women and those who used the park (green space) less than 4 hours a week. This finding indicates that green space improves mental health of individual and this is also in concurrence with the study by Irvine et al. (2013) which proved that green space relieves stress and improves mental well-being. It can be said that greater the proximity of green space, greater is the determinant of health and well-being in a population. The study by Reklaitiene et al. (2014) provides ample evidence that if gree n space is used appropriately, it would play a great role in improving health of the population. Green space moderates stressful life events and health: Through a national level survey data, Van den Berg et al. (2010) evaluated the role of green space in reducing stressful live events and improving health. The health status of participants were evaluated by means of number of health complaints within two weeks, perceived mental health and perceived general health. The research hypothesis was that likelihood of experiencing extreme life events related to physical and mental health is low if people have access to more green space in their surroundings. The researcher further stressed that positive effects of green space will be stronger if it is located within 3 km radius than 1 km radius. The findings of the research proved the research hypothesis and people having access to green space within 3km radius of their home were found to have little stressful life events as well as health complaints. However, this study did not give any insight into the how coping strategies of individuals affects individuals with crisis to use green space. Hence, the health impact of green space in this study was not of great clinical significance. This may be explained by the vagueness in the extent which people are affected by stressful life events. Mental health benefits of green space Although many studies report about the role of green space on mental health, Astell-Burt et al. (2013) tried to identify the association between green space and psychological distress. In this study, middle to old age Australians above 45 years of age were taken and their physical activity was measured through a survey. One unique factor of this study was that green space within 1 km of residence was taken. The survey enquired about the symptoms of psychological distress over the four week and number of times particular physical activity was done last week. The researcher also measured social interaction of participants to see the presence of mental health. The finding of the research showed that all the variable such as physical activity, psychological distress, social interaction and fall experience has relation with level of green space. The greater the green space, the lesser was physical inactivity and psychological distress symptoms among people. On the whole, this literature e ncourages other studies that favors green space for mental health and well-being. Mytton et al. (2012) has emphasized that physical activity among people living in greener areas automatically increases as they engage in maintenance and gardening work. Garden itself is found to have therapeutic effect. Going by the findings of this study, the main action that would be required in the future is that Australian Government will have to engage in green space planning and investment in resources so that maximum green space is available to all members of the community. Relation between green space and obesity Previous studies mentioned above evaluated green space on health on the basis of proximity to resident and more area of green space. Nielsen and Hansen, (2007) gave the indication regarding the relation between green areas and obesity and stress. It was based on the assumption that access and use of green space is dependent on distance to green area, characteristics of neighbor and conduciveness to outdoor activities. The participants of the study included Danish people between the age of 18-80 years. The questionnaire based study inquired about the type of physical activity, frequency of visits, health indicators and preference towards green space in participants. The distance of green space from home and type of recreational areas was also part of the questionnaire. Obesity was evaluated by assessing whether participants were above or below threshold BMI. The result of the study showed that access to green space is associated with less stress. Obesity was dependent on pedestrian en vironment factors and characteristics of neighbourhood. The level of physical activity by this factor finally decided the likelihood of obesity. One limitation of this study is that lifestyle variable is also a factor contributing to obesity. However, this was ignored in this study, hence future studies must evaluate lifestyle factors to evaluate the true effect of greenery on physical activity and obesity. Exploitation of the beneficial effects of green space is at a larger level is needed to adequately plan health care reform and public health policies. Green space facilitates physical activity and health in individual: Due the burden associated with managing health of elderly population, analyzing the impact of green space and physical activity on health was necessary. Maas et al. (2008) investigated whether physical activity is dependent on the relation between green space and self-perceived health. The first important consideration for this study was to evaluate whether amount of green space around a person affects physical activity and then it was evaluated if green space and physical activity promotes health. The interview with Dutch participants revealed that there is no relation between amount of green space and physical activity. This eventually meant that relationship between green space and health could not be confirmed. This finding challenges the strategy to introduce more green space for Australias ageing population. This result might be further reviewed by analyzing density of sports facility on physical activity. Another study gave insight into the benefits of physical activity in outdoor natural space on health and well-being. The systematic review done by Thompson Coon et al. (2011) compared the effect of mental and physical being on physical activity outdoor and indoor. It includes many randomized and non-randomized trials done with young students. They were engaged in walking and running activity outdoors and indoors. It assessed the effect of exercise on mental well-being and attitude towards exercise. The overall analysis of different research study showed that the results are in favour of the positive effects of outdoor activity in the natural environment compared to the outdoor environment. Engaging in exercise and physical activity in natural space increased feelings of revitalization, social inclusion and decreased anger and depression. If students actively engage in outdoor physical activity, they were found to get more enjoyment and satisfaction. The significance of this research study is that it gives insight into the positive effects of natural environment on mental well-being of people. However, there were very few high quality evidence to prove the positive effects of green space on mental and physical health. Large and well-designed long term study is needed to fully evaluate the positive effects of natural space on health. As the ageing population is a major public health burden. To make plans for improving health of elderly people, the study by Gong et al. (2014) tried to evaluate the role of green space on level of physical activity particularly in elderly men with different lower extremity physical function. The quantity of green space was evaluated by aerial photography and men above the age of 66 years were include in the study. This study is considered important because past studies did not focused on limitations in elderly particularly in terms of mobility. It was done mainly on physical health, mental health and obesity. Hence, this study contributes to real interpretation of green space in elderly people with different physical functions. The main purpose of investigation was whether walkable neighbourhood increase physical activity among elderly people with poor physical function. The lower extremity physical function was assessed by means of nine-item questionnaire. Participants were regarde d as active in participating in physical activity if they did gardening, or visited the coast, parks or did physical exercise at least 3 times a week. The result of the study showed that higher amount of green space was associated with increased frequency of participation in physical activity regardless of lower extremity physical function. However, regular physical activity was higher for those who has good lower extremity physical function compared to those who had poor lower extremity physical function. The main implication of this study is that active ageing can be facilitated in elderly people with limited physical function if they have access to greener environment. Hence, this study gives the direction for future action, which is to increase the provisions of green space by green space policy that preserve green space in residential area. One limitation is that three activities were treated equally and not differentiated on the basis of high or low intensity. Hence, in the fu ture novel interventions and policy making related to green space is needed to support active ageing and health of elderly Australians. Use of green space and cardiovascular health: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is also the leading cause of mobility and mortality in western countries. To enhance the health and well-being of the elderly population, green space is also regarded as a healing factor apart from lifestyle related changes. The above mentioned evidence provides ample evidence regarding the psychologically and physiologically restorative effects of contact with natural environment. As Lithuania is a region with high mortality rates, Tamosiunas et al. (2014) explored the effect of green space on incidence of CVD in middle age to elderly population between the age of 45-72 years through a baseline survey. The survey questionnaire mainly included age of participants, education, smoking status, use of green space, time spent in parks per week, self-rated health and quality of life. Unlike the study by Gong et al. (2014), Tamosiunas et al. (2014) categorize physical activity levels on the basis of number of hours per week. The result shows that rate of hyperte nsion, obesity and hypercholesterolemia was high among participants and prevalence of CVD was not related to use of green space. Hence, the association between access to green space and cardiovascular risk factor was absent, but some association between use of green space and cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore, this study had little clinical significance and this may be explained by different socioeconomic position of participants. Further studies are needed to identify full benefits of green space for cardiovascular health. More attention to the density of population, transportation infrastructure and land use is need to promote good health of the community. Horticulture enhances well-being and inclusion: Large number of literature support the effectiveness of horticulture in mental health setting. Parkinson et al. (2011) tried to evaluate the elements of the horticulture projects that provided the maximum therapeutic benefit to client. The therapeutic benefits were evaluated on the basis of following factor: Figure 2: Parameters on the basis of which therapeutic benefits of horticulture were analysed (Parkinson et al. 2011) Client between the age of 18-65 years participated in the horticulture project. Many of them regarded gardening as a meaningful activity that promoted mental health. It also increased feelings of social inclusiveness among participants. Hence, horticulture was found to have intrinsic benefits where individuals got the chance of engaging in physical activity and enhancing sensory experience. However, involvement in such activity dependent on gender and personal factor of participants. As older population continues to increase, there is a need to adopt strategies to promote wellness of students. As gardening is regarded as a therapeutic activity, Wang and MacMillan, (2013) conducted a systematic review to determine the benefits of gardening for community dwelling and institutionalized older adults. Different studies showed participants engaged in different types of gardening activities like planting herbs, seeding, cutting and rooting herbs, sowing seeds and watering plants. Majority of studies showed that gardening enhances the overall quality of life, activeness and physical activity levels of older adults. Older adults who lived in community were found to have greater overall health and well-being. It enhances their physical functioning, improved body flexibility and decreased bodily pain. The motivation behind gardening was the past family experience and love of nature. It increased levels of social connectedness too. The evidence however lacks generalizability and more research is needed with different population size. Past studies have proved the beneficial effect of horticulture therapy and gardening on reducing pain, reducing stress, lowering need for medications and antipsychotics and falls. However, there is lack of studies with therapeutic gardens and rehabilitation greenhouses. Very few controlled trial used garden setting as rehabilitation for elderly people. Therefore, the study by Detweiler et al. (2012) evaluated the effects of natural setting for care of older adults having mental and physical health problems. Horticulture therapy has been found to reduce stress, increase concentration and improve cognition in dementia patients. In case of elderly people, dementia is regarded as a high risk factor for fall. The risk of fall also increased due to the side effect of medications and use of antipsychotics and antidepressant to control behavioral problems in dementia patient. It was found that that those who engaged in gardening did not had to use high dose of antipsychotics, but it did not reduced the use of primary antidepressant and anxiolytics. The limitation of the study is that quantitative analysis of gardening benefits for elderly has not been analysed yet. There is need for extensive study of gardening on ageing population. The study by Park et al. (2009) is an important literature as it evaluated the physical and psychological health of older gardeners and non-gardeners. Gardening has been found to improve physical and psychological heath by reducing cholesterol level, blood pressure and improving social integration in people. The study was done with older adults living in Manhattan aged between 58 to 86 years. The survey included demographic questionnaire and health assessment and measurement of leisure time activities of older adults. The study findings revealed that gardening activity explained difference in health outcome of participants. Older gardeners were found to have high hand functions. Those who engaged in physical activity more than 5 days a week were found to have good physical function and reduced bodily pain. Despite this finding, the generalisability of the result is low because it was done only 52 subjects. More extensive research is needed with larger sample size. As this literature review is aimed to find the benefits of green space on improving health of elderly, it is necessary to analye its effects on reducing galls too. This is because risk of fall in older adults is a major public health concern. The likelihood of fatal and non-fatal falls among adults above 65 years age place great burden on the health care system. As poor gait, balance and functional limitations increase the risk of fall, Ambrose et al. (2013) affirms that exercise and physical activity might help reduce the incidence of falls. Gardening is regarded as a preferred moderate level exercise for older adults. Gardening activities increased health benefits because it requires a person to use their motor skills and muscle coordinaton skills. As majority of studies have studies about the effect of gardening on mental health and social health, there is lack of study examining the relation between gardening and physical health. Chen and Janke (2012) examined whether gardening a ctivities improved physical health and reduced risk of fall and performance related to balance and gait speed in elderly people or not. Firstly, level of gait, functional limitations and gardening was assessed in elderly participant. The result of the study showed that there was no relationship between gardening and educational attainments, however gardeners were mostly younger than non-gardeners. Gardening was also found to decrease the risk of fall. Gardening indirectly reduced fall risk due to its relations with fall risk factors of gait, balance, chronic disease and functional limitations. The study by Chen and Janke (2012) is important for this review for several reasons. Firstly, this was the first study that investigated about the link between gardening and falls in elderly. People who engaged in gardening were found to have better health status and physical functions. Though gardening did not reduced the incidence of falls, however it was found to influence the fall risk in adults. Another advantage of using gardening as a therapeutic intervention for participants was that unlike other interventions, it can be tailored according to peoples need. People who have physical disabilitys and poor gait can start with easier task and proceed to harder task once they are more competent with simpler task. This can ultimately improve physical challenges in older adults and improve their health and functioning. Despite the strength, the study has some limitations too. Firstly, type of gardening activities is not specified by the researcher. Secondly, effect of gardening on dyn amic balance was also not evaluated. Depression is also a common issue for older adults because of poor physical health and social inclusion in life. Neuropsychiatric disorder is a global disease burden and to solve the problem among students, Whrborg et al. (2014) evaluated the effect of nature related rehabilitation program in patients with mild to moderate depression. A retrospective cohort study was done with 118 participants and they were part of interventional rehabilitation programme consisting of specially designed rehabilitation garden. After this intervention program, the main change that was seen was that no reduction of sickness benefit was seen in participants. However, one positive result of this study was that for people who took part in the program, the health care consumption rate reduced after a year. This was seen both for primary health care and number of days spent in psychiatric health care. This indicated favorable improvement in general health of participants. In terms of assessing long term bene fits, low health care consumption would translate to decreased cost of primary health care. Gardening can also increase the ability of people to cope with long term illness. However, some limitation of this program is that it was a newly developed program and this might have an impact on result. More studies is needed to overcome this limitation. Another literature is of considerable importance for this literature review as it explains how gardening relieves people from stress and facilitates healthy ageing. The study by Hawkins et al. (2011) explored the benefits of allotment gardening in 94 participants aged between 50 and 88 years. They were divided into four groups who engaged in different activities like allotment gardening, home gardening, outdoor activities and indoor exercise groups. All these activities provide varying level of engagement with nature. The physiological health of participants was measured and questionnaire collected demographic details. The result of the study showed that there was significant difference in perceived stress level between allotment gardeners and indoor activity group. However, one negative point was that no benefit in social support was seen for gardening activities. Participating in gardening activities might help to overcome this limitation. Hence, the study by Hawkins et al. (2011) supports the fact that green spaces like gardening provide ideal opportunity for psychological restoration and stress reduction. This study reported difference in stress level of different groups but the mechanism behind this was not explained. So, future studies need to investigate these mechanisms. Different components of gardening can be used as health promoting activity to empower older adults and facilitate healthy ageing. Benefit of green space for Government: Government of developed countries plays a major role in making cities green. Urban green space eventually promotes physical activity and public health. As cities are getting more populated and congested, green space might help to improve lives of city dwellers. Green space has always been favoured for public health because green space improves health, removes pollution, filters air and cools the temperature. However, one of the greatest problem in cities is that green space is not equitably distributed. The study by Wolch et al. (2014) review Anglo-American literature to explain how US and Chinese governments put efforts to go green. For example, in Hangzhou, the most polluted city of China, the government has tried to restore lost green space by demolition of factories for more parks and engaging in mass tree planting along the streets of the city. Now, the city is known for its tree-lined streets. However, still the city may face environmental justice issues because older areas sti lls lacks green space. Therefore, this study indicated that being just green enough is not the solution to the problem. It demands careful balancing act and active involvement of urban planners and ecologist to advance public health and promote social justice in community. Every year, the Governments expenditure on health care increases due to great demand of mental health care. Mood disorders and stress is common among middle age to old age people. Considering the benefit of green space on promoting physical and psychological health of people, Pretty et al. (2007) measured the effect of different green exercise like fishing, boating, woodland activities, walking, conservation, cycling and fishing on participants aged between 13-84 years. The quantification of the data revealed that green exercise had an impact on mental health of participants and self-esteem score improved for the study group. The mood factors of anger, confusion, depression and tension improved after the activities. This is a significant results which indicates that any type of green exercise is associated with associated with mental health benefits. Despite this findings, the generalizability of the study is difficult because the study was done with participants who were already hea lthy and active and inactive people were not include in the study. However, the study gave many implications for policy making such as planning green space and its exposure for population groups. The main limitations seen in most literature was that there was lack of planning regarding appropriate green space. As the main purpose of this literature review is to analyze the true benefits of green space for health and well-being, it is necessary to have an evidence based approach to urban development planning. As there is lack of evidence regarding the physical and non-physical health benefits of urban green space, Lee and Maheswaran (2011) investigated about the health benefits of green space by literature search of academic and grey literatures. One mechanism by which green space influence physical health was that green space promoted physical activity levels. However, there is lack of strong evidence for the link between physical activity and green space availability. Environmental determinants like accessibility, quality and availability of space influence use of green space as leisure time physical activity. On the other hand, physical activity determinants in green space included age, gender, disability, psychological factors like motivation, attitude towards physical activities and safety. Although this study gave ample evidence regarding the benefits of green space for health, however there is a need to study causal relationship between green space and health. Strength and limitation of the literature review: This literature review was an in-depth exploration of research articles and grey literatures related to role of green space in improving health of elderly people. The main area of attention for this study was exclusively green space and older adults. This is because Australia is struggling with the burden of health issues in ageing population and greater clarifications regarding the availability of green space for promoting health and well-being might directs Governments actions towards green space planning and implementation. The main strength of this review is that it evaluated both the quality as well as the content of the paper. The utilization of the CASP tool helped to explore the quality of the paper whereas the thematic analysis helped to get answer to the research question. Out of the 18 research articles, 8 articles gave solid evidence regarding the positive benefits of green space for health and well-being [(Reklaitiene et al. (2014), Astell-Burt et al. (2013), Gong et al. (2014), Tamosiunas et al. (2014) , Chen and Janke (2012), Hawkins et al. (2011), Wolch et al. (2014) and Lee and Maheswaran (2011)}]. For instance, one of the important contribution of Reklaitiene et al. (2014) was that it gave the indication that to improve the health of the population, appropriate use of green space is important. The study explained that more green space will contribute to better health and well-being. It also promoted the idea that green space needs to be near to home to ensure better usage. This point needs to be noted for policy planning and governments action too. Study by Astell-Burt et al. (2013) was also a useful piece of literature as it studies the role of green space located within 1 km of the health of participants. Critical review of the findings of this study might help to invest in preventive health policy and promoting green space for all. While we were proceeding with the literature review, one literature was overcoming the limitations of previous literature. For instance, research by Astell-Burt et al. (2013) did no considered the benefits of green space for elder people who had poor lower extremity functioning and mobility problems. This limitation was addressed by Gong et al. (2014) who included this population group in the study and this study also indicated that physical activity can be increased only for those with good lower extremity function. The researcher also explained the mechanism behind the role of green space in encouraging physical activity among elderly people. This was explained by the fact that green space provided the opportunity walk and exercise in a greener environment. A well-characterized cohort was used in this study that truly answered the research question in relation to health of ageing population. Considering the limitations of this review, time spent on reviewing the articles was short. More time would have lead to in-depth exploration of study. The number of moderate to week quality of articles was higher than high quality evidence. Secondly, all articles could not be evaluated by CASP tool because some were mixed method study or general published articles. Hence, those studies were evaluated on the basis of relatedness with research question and any biasness in the study. The determination of the causal mechanism of green space for health benefits was also a complex process and this was rarely identified in research articles. Although some literature barely discussed about providing green space to people with poor socioeconomic groups, however there is lack of information regarding ways to motivated people from poor socioeconomic group to use green space. There was also lack of studies, which could specify a universal standard that could be followed to characterize green sp ace and facilitate optimal use of that green space. Therefore, the overall conclusion is that promoting healthy ageing through green space cannot be successful without meticulous planning process. Health planners need to address motivating factors as well as confounding factors to turn green space into a remedy for healthy living. Conclusion: Considering the rise in ageing population in Australia and increased burden for the health care system, the main objective of this literature review was to evaluate whether green space can sustain health and well-being for elderly population. This analysis was considered importance because this could remove mental health isssues in people and reduce the need for dependency on medicines. Many literature refer to the therapeutic effect of horticulture for a long time. Chen and Ji, (2015) showed that it can be useful particularly for vulnerable group suffering from health related problems, psychological difficulties and physical disabilities. However, its true benefit for the healthy aging has not been evaluated. Hence, this literature review sought to review the holistic benefit of green space for health and well-being of elderly population and analyze the impact of green space in all dimensions such as physical health, mental health, social well-being and economic benefits for Governm ent. The critical appraisal of articles through CASP tool and the thematic analysis after taking final 18 articles for the review gave rise to five themes. This included positive association between green space and health, promotion of physical activity through green space use, use of green space for cardiovascular health and benefits of horticulture for health and well-being and benefits of green space for Government. From the literature review, many useful insights into the role of green space for improving health and being has been found. For instance, while talking of high quality evidence, Reklaitiene et al. (2014) gave the idea that proximity of green space is a major determinant of health and well-being. Astell-Burt et al. (2013) contributed to the research question by stating that physical activity, stress level and social interactions can be enhanced by area of green space. Majority of studies gave the insight that allocation of more resource is needed to build more green space in community and encourage more people to spend time in green exercise. The study by Gong et al. (2014) was a siginificant study as it particularly focused on impact of green space with people having mobility problems. The only limitation in this study was that the researcher regarded all activities done by participants equally which might not be true. Tamosiunas et al. (2014) mitigated this limitation by focusing o n physical activity levels done in number of hours per week. It evaluated green space particularly for cardiovascular health and found association of cardiovascular risk factors with green space. This literature review also gave rise to one very important piece of research that focused on comparing allotment gardening and home gardening for stress reduction and healthy ageing. It gave the indication that allotment gardening is most effective than home gardening in reducing stress and promoting health (Hawkins et al. 2011) Apart from high quality evidence, there were also many articles which had limitations in terms of research design and planning of physical activity for participants. Although green space cannot totally replace health care burden, however it can play an important role in reducing health care cost and promoting health aging among people. From the analysis of different literatures, the main benefits of garden that can be extracted particularly for the elderly people are as follows: As older adults are mostly restricted to homes because of many health issues, exposure to green space and natural landscape can have positive impact on mental health of people. Social exclusion is also a major problem in many aged people because at this age, they are not connected to work life and social gathering. However, participations in community gardening activities provides them the chance to develop their social networks and mitigate feelings of isolation Engaging in gardening activities not only improves physical function of older adults, it also helps to improve their self-esteem (Keniger et al. 2013). Recommendation: The literature review gave the indication that green space is of immense benefits for health. However, to fully utilize them for the benefit of public and promoting health of elderly population is dependent on careful planning and implantation process. Before the Government sets out to achieve this, they need to first identify the barriers that prevents people from participating in activities in local parts nearby. Physical constraints for participants might include distance of the green space from home, presence of obstacle between green space and physical disability in older adults (Pretty et al. 2007). Lee and Maheswaran (2011) also mentioned about barriers such as presence of heavily trafficked road, lack of pedestrian croosing and poor quality of payments between home and green space. On the contrary, the social and cultural factors that prevent people from going to park include fear of crime and lack of motivation to engage in physical activity (Pretty et al. 2007). Despite the se barriers, Governments need to prioritize healthy ageing particularly in the following areas: To increase access to green exercise particularly for people leading a sedentary lifestyle To promote engagement in green exercise in outdoor environment to promote health and well being. Improving access alone would not help to encourage physical activity, hence motivating factors for participating also needs to be enhanced (Younger et al. 2008). As many people do not use green space because they do not have proper access to it, the policy makers and sectors like health, social and mental health service and sports and leisure industry needs to sit together and plan together. Lack of physical activity and prevalence of obesity increases the cost of public health (Malik et al. 2013). Hence, innovative solution is needed to address to increase access to green exercise activities and provide economic and public health benefits to Australian population. To increase Governments actions towards introducing more green space, there is need for identify the range of benefits of introducing green space in the community. Different types of benefits of green space for the community are as follows: Environment benefits- Urban green space modifies extreme climate condition by modifying temperatures, improving the quality of air and has a positive impact on the hydrological cycle. Social benefits- Australia spend lot of money on health and other activities. Planning more green space will be important to improve physical and mental health of public. Participation in recreational activities outdoor promote social inclusion as well as health and well-being. Investigation of the nature and characteristics of parks that can enhance health might help to prevent physical and psychological health need. Green space is particularly beneficial for child development, preventing obesity and physical activity. Green space also promote social equality by providing recreational opportunities to low income groups too (Fam et al., 2008). Economic benefits- The economic implications of having more green space is that economic activity related to green space increase. Green space also increased property value because a land located near parks and greenery are preferred by most people (Fam et al., 2008). After the realization of the above mentioned benefits of green space for health and well-being, the main action would be to analyze the characteristics of green space that would encourage more and more people to engage in activity in natural environment (Astell-Burt et al. 2013). However, the benefits will be more for people who are physically active and do not have mobility related issues. Hence. while planning green areas, it will be necessary to engage to includes those characteristics in garden or parks that facilitate physical activity for older adults. Secondly, health promotional acttivoties is also needed to motivate people to visit parks and engage in some form of activities at the park (Gong et al. 2014). For this, large scale promotional activities will be needed to make people understand the benefit of green space for mental well-being and motivating them to use green space regularly. Inclusion of eco-therapeutic approaches in health promotion will help Government to achi eve both individual health as well as public health and environmental outcomes. Stewardship of green spaces will help in fulfillment of the dimension of social value in well-being and recovery from ill health and social exclusion. The following steps can be adapted by government to encourage more use of green space: Raise consciousness of green space and its importance among public Encourage people to leave ones personal problem and developing spiritual relationship with the natural world. Developing self-directing need in people to care and preserve environment (Burls 2007). References Ageing (AIHW). 2017.Aihw.gov.au. 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Aging populations and management.Academy of Management Journal,57(4), pp.929-935. Kyu, H.H., Bachman, V.F., Alexander, L.T., Mumford, J.E., Afshin, A., Estep, K., Veerman, J.L., Delwiche, K., Iannarone, M.L., Moyer, M.L. and Cercy, K., 2016. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.bmj,354, p.i3857. Lee, A.C. and Maheswaran, R., 2011. The health benefits of urban green spaces: a review of the evidence.Journal of public health,33(2), pp.212-222. Maas, J., Verheij, R.A., Spreeuwenberg, P. and Groenewegen, P.P., 2008. Physical activity as a possible mechanism behind the relationship between green space and health: a multilevel analysis.BMC public health,8(1), p.206. Malik, V.S., Willett, W.C. and Hu, F.B., 2013. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications.Nature Reviews Endocrinology,9(1), pp.13-27. Mytton, O. T., Townsend, N., Rutter, H., Foster, C. (2012). Green space and physical activity: an observational study using Health Survey for England data.Health place,18(5), 1034-1041. Nadelson, S. and Nadelson, L.S., 2014. Evidence?Based Practice Article Reviews Using CASP Tools: A Method for Teaching EBP.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(5), pp.344-346. Nielsen, T.S. and Hansen, K.B., 2007. Do green areas affect health? Results from a Danish survey on the use of green areas and health indicators.Health place,13(4), pp.839-850. Park, S.A., Shoemaker, C.A. and Haub, M.D., 2009. Physical and psychological health conditions of older adults classified as gardeners or nongardeners.HortScience,44(1), pp.206-210. Parkinson, S., Lowe, C. and Vecsey, T., 2011. The therapeutic benefits of horticulture in a mental health service.British Journal of Occupational Therapy,74(11), pp.525-534. Pleson, E., Nieuwendyk, L.M., Lee, K.K., Chaddah, A., Nykiforuk, C.I. and Schopflocher, D., 2014. Understanding older adults usage of community green spaces in Taipei, Taiwan.International journal of environmental research and public health,11(2), pp.1444-1464. Pretty, J., Peacock, J., Hine, R., Sellens, M., South, N. and Griffin, M., 2007. Green exercise in the UK countryside: Effects on health and psychological well-being, and implications for policy and planning.Journal of environmental planning and management,50(2), pp.211-231. Prince, M.J., Wu, F., Guo, Y., Robledo, L.M.G., O'Donnell, M., Sullivan, R. and Yusuf, S., 2015. The burden of disease in older people and implications for health policy and practice.The Lancet,385(9967), pp.549-562. Reklaitiene, R., Grazuleviciene, R., Dedele, A., Virviciute, D., Vensloviene, J., Tamosiunas, A., Baceviciene, M., Luksiene, D., Sapranaviciute-Zabazlajeva, L., Radisauskas, R. and Bernotiene, G., 2014. The relationship of green space, depressive symptoms and perceived general health in urban population.Scandinavian journal of public health,42(7), pp.669-676. Tamosiunas, A., Grazuleviciene, R., Luksiene, D., Dedele, A., Reklaitiene, R., Baceviciene, M., Vencloviene, J., Bernotiene, G., Radisauskas, R., Malinauskiene, V. and Milinaviciene, E., 2014. Accessibility and use of urban green spaces, and cardiovascular health: findings from a Kaunas cohort study.Environmental Health,13(1), p.20. Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J. and Depledge, M.H., 2011. Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review.Environmental science technology,45(5), pp.1761-1772. Van den Berg, A.E., Maas, J., Verheij, R.A. and Groenewegen, P.P., 2010. Green space as a buffer between stressful life events and health.Social science medicine,70(8), pp.1203-1210. 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The Inexplicable Puzzle Into Ielts Essay Samples 9 Band Revealed

The Inexplicable Puzzle Into Ielts Essay Samples 9 Band Revealed Going to college is among the absolute most important things you're likely to do in your whole life, so you might as well choose something worthwhile. Which is also superior point, because students get fantastic business in the form of new pals. To study abroad is a huge opportunity in anybody's life. While study abroad student can secure the lifetime experience in every area of life. Always bear in mind an unstructured, incomplete letter won't ever help you reach your preferred band. Actually, making the choice to study in a foreign country is actually complicated. Also, certain kinds of information in the incorrect hands can be devastating for society. The main reason why I want to submit an application for this job is because your personal home would benefit from my experience. All About Ielts Essay Samples 9 Band When you study abroad you're made to expand your comprehension of the world integrating different views but the ones which you know from back home. So, an individual can acquire new abilities and discover new things. Living abroad, though, can be a challenging experience. So enjoy this, and relish the little things out of each day. 1 simple suggestion is to just to consider the varieties of questions that you will get. If you attempt to answer a question you don't understand, you will probably become incoherent. Enlarge on what precisely th e question lets you know. It will help you with the structure of your talk. Kids and teenagers are committing a growing number of crimes in many nations. The students have to understand how to handle bills and locate a balance between their studies and part-time jobs. The Awful Secret of Ielts Essay Samples 9 Band Adjust your style and choice of words in line with the kind of letter you've been requested to present. You may be amazed at how simple the questions are! As you pay for homework, we provide those options free of charge. There's no superior way to learn a language than visiting the country where they speak the language you want to know. In the current climate, studying in the developed countries is among the choices to have a better future, and this is the point where the English language is essential because English exams are among the fundamental qualifications to study abroad. Also, note that for obtaining a band score 9 you should have both exam abilities and language abilities. Examine both these views and provide your own opinion. IELTS is among the most recognized examinations across the world. The preparation for IELTS is time consuming and requires a great deal of practice besides good vocabulary and speaking abilities. Exam skills deal with how quickly it's possible to frame an appropriate essay dependent on the topics given by IELTS. IELTS speaking isn't an academic test. Think about what you could say in a variety of conditions that may come up during the test. You must and has to devote a sane period of time in boosting your vocabulary and solving model test papers will assist you in time administration. If you're acquainted with the format of the IELTS Speaking test and the sorts of questions asked, then you can begin planning. It is possible to choose the test as soon because you can earn a booking however you should enable some time for additional study to make certain you receive a better result. Where to Find Ielts Essay Samples 9 Band These IELTS sample essays are categorised in a manner that makes it simple for you to observe how certain essay question types ask that you present certain responses to be sure the question is totally answered. Adding a number of the winning elements from the sample essays below will provide you with the excess marks you will need to be a high-scorer on the IELTS. Therefore, many students and employees dec ide to purchase low-cost essay rather than writing it themselves. The cost of an essay depends upon the total amount of effort the writer has to exert. Writing less words will reduce your score. Even if today you think you're a lousy writer, you can learn how to deal with your essay and make it far more efficient. Even if you believe you're a bad writer today, you can learn to take your simple essay and transform it into something far more effective.

Essay Writing - How to Write an Essay Without Any Problems

Essay Writing - How to Write an Essay Without Any ProblemsWriting an essay can be a tough task if you know nothing about how to do it. Since there are so many ways to style your essay, choosing the right one is very important. In this article, we will show you the methods on how to write an essay without having to worry about the right way to write your essay. By doing so, you will surely be able to find a method that will be right for you.The first way to go is to have an actual facts and an actual topic. These two must be present in order for you to start writing. They will help you to be familiar with the outline, you will have to do. You need to know that an outline is a guideline of how to structure your essay.Now, it is important that you know what the actual facts are before you start to write. Make sure that you have gathered all of the information you need before you start writing. By doing so, you will not be overwhelmed by information. Once you know the facts, you will hav e a good basis to start your outline.Second, you need to know how to format your essay. This is a very important step since this will define how the rest of the essay will look like. You should also know how to edit your work to make it fit the topic.Writing an essay without knowing how to format it is useless. You can just learn how to format it by looking at the examples of essays already out there. It is also very important that you read other people's work to see if you are using the same format or not. You can also ask people for suggestions. After you learn how to format your essay, you will not have to worry about this anymore. Once you know how to format your essay and know how to edit it, the next thing you should know is to know how to present your topic on a hypothetical topic. The only thing you need to do is to present the facts as if you were speaking in front of a group of people. Tell your story and use examples from past events that happened in your life. Always rem ember that your main purpose of writing an essay is to share your experiences, knowledge, and opinions to your audience.In case you have problems with writing, there is always a writer's block. Although it might seem scary, it is not impossible to overcome. Just imagine for a moment that you are writing and you feel like you cannot come up with a solution to the problem you are facing. That is where writer's block comes from.This is a great point to use to your advantage. Just keep in mind that your goal is to write. Writing is something that can motivate you to continue to write. So, if you feel like you can't write anymore, just give yourself the permission to quit.

Finding the Best Issue Topics for Research Papers

Finding the Best Issue Topics for Research Papers Want to Know More About Issue Topics for Research Papers? To totally understand the political process an individual should have lots and tons of understanding of the way our society operates. Studying family issues is frequently a tricky matter to do. Superior research topics are not difficult to discover, but there are loads of things you need to consider when making this selection. While you have little time and the sum of pages, it's imperative not to bite more than you can chew. Locating a solid topic is just one of the most essential steps when writing any kind of paper. In case the topic is too narrow, you might find it difficult to get the appropriate literature. Both options aren't good enough because it'll be difficult to pick the best literature. 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Some folks claim that you may tell if a nation is very good by taking a look at the achievements of its rulers, artists, or scientists. The Do's and Don'ts of Issue Topics for Research Papers You want to reveal the readers that you master of this issue and not a confused newbie who doesn't understand what he or she's referring to. The question could be part of your introduction, or it may make a terrific title. Once you've got a notion of what you would like to write about, be sure that your topic is neither broad nor narrow. This social issue is a quality case of a problem that will resonate with a huge audience. The degree of health among the population is a substantial factor predetermining the evolution of the whole nation. Topics related to health provide an excellent selection of choice. It is very important to analyze many unique problems related to health whilst studying. A summary of the key issues associated with mental health economics.

Sample Student Five Paragraph Essay Cheating - Here Is How To Stop It

Sample Student Five Paragraph Essay Cheating - Here Is How To Stop ItIf you have a high school or college student who is trying to cheat on his or her essay and you are a parent looking for ways to stop sample student five paragraph essays cheating then you will need to read this article. While there are many strategies that you can use to stop the cheating you will need to make sure that you are using the right techniques. The best way to start would be to ask the student to write an essay for their college essays.By asking them to write an essay for their college they will give you the chance to monitor what they are doing in the middle of the essay. The student should be comfortable enough with the format that you do not have to think about editing the essay yourself. Once you get the completed writing for your college and the student gives you the finished piece that you want, you will want to review the essay. You will want to look at every aspect of the essay to see if it is ok ay.It is important to see how the student uses the writing process and see how they handle their first and last paragraph. Some students like to use every word they write in the first paragraph but you will want to take notice of the sentence structure as well. The point of writing a five paragraph essay is to make the reader understand what you are saying and not make them stop reading. If you find a few mistakes that you can fix at the beginning then you will want to move on to the next section of the essay.Remember to include a clear purpose for the essay. Without a clear purpose, you will find yourself having to edit the essay many times until you find something that makes sense. As a parent you should always look for an objective statement in the essay and this should be stated as an aside. Make sure that you check to see if the essay is grammar correct before you have the student submit it to the university.Although this strategy can stop sample student five paragraph essays c heating, you will still need to look over the college papers to make sure that they do not contain plagiarism. Using a plagiarism checker to make sure that the essay is not plagiarized before you have the student submit it to the college can save a lot of time and frustration. If you find any problems in the writing style you will want to have the student redo it.Keep in mind that you should never get too upset when you discover that a student has used samples in their sample student five paragraph essay and even worse, plagiarized the entire essay. The worst thing that you can do is to contact the professor and take away their degree. Remember that you will need to send the student the completed written work in order to get his or her degree so if you have to do it the hard way then do it.The only way to stop sample student five paragraph essays cheating is to watch the papers closely and see if there are any other similarities between the writing style of the student and the write r of the sample student five paragraph essay. While there are many ways to cheat on college essays, the one surefire way is to keep a close eye on the writing style. You can learn how to catch a cheating student and save a lot of time by following this strategy.

Understanding Life Essay Sample free essay sample

Travelocity is a company that believes in the ethical intervention and development of employees. True False Michelle Peluso. CEO of Travelocity. subscribes to McGregor’s Theory X positions refering employees. True False Practical experience and research both tell us that layoffs should increase the motive of staying employees. True False Harmonizing to Jeffrey Pfeffer about 90 % of today’s organisations are genuinely â€Å"people centered. † True False Harmonizing to Jeffrey Pfeffer. companies must take between emphasizing uninterrupted betterment and doing employees experience comfy. True False Research grounds suggests that increasing occupation security is associated with higher net incomes and lower employee turnover. True False Providing preparation for employees leads to take down employee turnover. True False An organisation is a system of consciously co-ordinated activities of two or more people. True False Harmonizing to the text. there are three degrees of OB analysis: persons. groups. and organisational. True False The World Health Organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding Life Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page General Motors. and Al Qaeda are all illustrations of officially defined organisations. True False 11. OB is an interdisciplinary field dedicated to better apprehension and pull offing people entirely in for net income concern environments. True False 12. Organizational behaviour is a perpendicular subject operation in the human resource kingdom. True False 13. Organizational behaviour is a specific occupation class in most organisations ( e. g. . the â€Å"COBO† or the Chief Organizational Behavior Officer ) . True False 14. Legalization of union-management corporate bargaining helped further the human dealingss motion. True False 15. Reanalysis of the original Hawthorne informations strongly supports initial decisions about the positive consequence of supportive supervising. True False 16. Writer Elton Mayo advised directors to go to to employees’ emotional demands. True False 17. Mary Parker Follett urged directors to demand occupation public presentation alternatively of simply trying to arouse it from employees: a â€Å"push† instead than â€Å"pull† scheme. True False 18. Douglas McGregor believed directors could carry through more by first acknowledging that employees are per se selfish and lazy and so working to rectify that fatal defect. True False 19. Harmonizing to McGregor’s Theory X. people tend to stall and bum whenever they can. True False 20. Assurance. hope. optimism. subjective wellbeing. and emotional intelligence are the five cardinal dimensions of McGregor’s Theory X. True False 21. Harmonizing to McGregor’s Theory Y. the typical employee can larn to accept and seek duty. True False 22. McGregor’s Theory X asserts that employees must be coerced and threatened with penalty before they will work. Tru e False 23. From a philosophical position. McGregor’s Theory X places a greater accent on human potency than does his Theory Y. True False 24. The ultimate end of Six Sigma is to come within six standard divergences of flawlessness. True False 25. Six Sigma promotes intense examination of how a procedure is defined. measured. analyzed. improved. and marketed. True False 26. Entire quality direction ( TQM ) is defined as uninterrupted. customer-centered. employee-driven betterment. True False 27. Entire quality direction is established today thanks in big portion to the pioneering work of Douglas S. Surber. True False 28. In successful betterment plans. Entire quality direction rules are embedded in the organization’s civilization. True False 29. Harmonizing to W. Edwards Deming. when things go incorrectly. there is approximately a 60 % opportunity that the system ( e. g. . direction. machinery. or regulations ) is at mistake and about a 40 % opportunity that the single employee is at mistake. True False 30. W. Edwards Deming believed that formal preparation in statistical procedure control is unneeded ( and even counterproductive ) in modern organisations. True False 31. Deming would probably back a concern theoretical account wherein organisational betterment is addressed. in a meaningful and intense manner. one time a twelvemonth at an one-year meeting. True False In the early 1990s. even when Internet applications were undergoing a growing jet. advocators said it would amount to nil in the terminal. True False 33. Those born into the alleged â€Å"Net Generation† topographic point a high value on freedom. True False 34. Members of the â€Å"Net Generation† are by and large unskilled at coaction due to their distressingly awkward societal accomplishments and questionable hygiene. True False 35. E-business involves utilizing the Internet to purchase and sell goods and services whereas e-commerce involves utilizing the Internet to ease every facet of running a concern. True False 36. Human capital is the productive potency of an individual’s cognition and actions. True False 37. Social capital is productive possible ensuing from strong relationships. good will. trust. and concerted attempt. True False 38. Intelligence. creativeness. motive and enthusiasm are dimensions of societal capital. True False 39. Trust. common regard . teamwork. and chumminess are dimensions of societal capital. True False 40. A recent reappraisal of 30 old ages of concern literature led to the decision that good direction requires a clear intent and a prejudice toward action. True False 41. After a reappraisal of 30 old ages of concern literature. it was concluded that to be an effectual director one must be really sensitive both to past experience and to the mass of new information available through digital beginnings. True False 42. Harmonizing to Henry Mintzberg. the most critical occupation in our society is that of the director. True False 43. Henry Mintzberg discovered that directors typically devote big blocks of clip to be aftering. True False 44. Directors with high degrees of accomplishment command tend to hold better fractional monetary unit public presentation and employee morale than directors with lower degrees of accomplishment command. True False 45. At its nucleus. direction is about covering efficaciously with people. True False 46. Harmonizing to recent research. effectual female and male directors have significantly different accomplishment profiles. True False 47. The successful twenty-first century director portions entree to power a nd cardinal information. True False 48. A successful twenty-first century director positions people as a possible job. True False 49. The primary function of a twenty-first century director is to give orders and control action. True False 50. A successful twenty-first century director seeks to ease alteration. True False 51. Directors of the hereafter will be compensated based on clip. attempt. and rank. True False 52. Corporate officers in the U. S. are mostly protected from rough condemnable punishments by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. True False 53. A countrywide study of human resource professionals revealed that merely 11 % on occasion ascertained unethical behaviour at their organisations. True False 54. The highest degree of Carroll’s Global Social Responsibility Pyramid is occupied by ethical duty. True False 55. â€Å"Kindness to the helpless† is the most basic and indispensable of Kent Hodgison’s seven moral rules. True False 56. Harmonizing to a 2008 study. pupils at spiritual schools are significantly less likely to rip off than pupils at non-religious schools. True False 57. An organization’s ethical clime can be improved by developing a meaningful codification of moralss. True False 58. Surveies in the United States and the United Kingdom demonstrate that corporate committedness to moralss typically comes at a big underside line cost to the organisation. True False 59. A field survey is a statistical pooling technique leting behavioural scientists to pull general decisions about certain variables from many different surveies. True False 60. Because of the extremely controlled nature of research lab surveies. generalising the consequences to organisational direction requires cautiousness. True False 61. Which of the followers is non associated with higher net incomes and lower turnover? A. Layoffs B. Careful engaging C. Generous wage D. A deficiency of accent on position E. Trust 62. Evidence suggests that people-centered direction patterns are associated with ___ . A. higher net incomes B. higher turnover C. more centralised determ ination doing D. increased layoffs E. Increased accent on hierarchal position 63. The aim of organisational behaviour is to develop a better ___ . A. apprehension of rivals B. apprehension of people at work C. corporate procedures D. indoctrination system for employees E. tantrum with the external environment 64. The three basic degrees of analysis in organisational behaviour are ___ . A. psychological. sociological. and statistical B. emotional. physical. and cognitive C. Functional. concern. and strategic D. Individual. group. and organisational E. group. single. and environmental 65. Why should one pass one’s clip larning about organisational behaviour? A. To larn how to interact with others more efficaciously B. To increase the opportunities of going a successful director C. To better understand human behaviour D. To increase self-management accomplishments E. All options are right 66. Which of the followers is the nucleus profession that OB pupils typically specialize in when they enter organisations? A. CEO B. COO C. CFO D. COB E. none of the abov e 67. Based on ulterior interviews and re-analysis of the original informations. which of the followers was likely non responsible for the high production end product at Western Electric’s Hawthorne works? A. Fear of unemployment during the Great Depression B. Supportive supervising C. High-quality natural stuffs D. Money E. Managerial subject 68. Equally early as the 1920s. _____ advised directors to actuate occupation public presentation alternatively of simply demanding it. In other words. ( s ) he advocated a â€Å"pull† instead than a â€Å"push† scheme. A. Douglas McGregor B. Kristin McKay C. W. Edwards Deming D. Henry Mintzberg E. Mary Parker Follett 69. In the 1933 classic. The Human Problems of an Industrial Civilization. _____ advised directors to go to to employees’ emotional demands. A. Douglas McGregor B. Elton Mayo C. W. Edwards Deming D. Henry Mintzberg E. Mary Parker Follett 70. Which of the followers is an premise of McGregor’s Theory Y? The typical individual ___ . A. has imaginativeness and creativeness B. cares merely about security C. prefers to be directed D. avoids work if possible E. requires close supervising 71. Which of the followers is an premise of McGregor’s Theory X? The typical individual ___ . A. dislikes work and will avoid it if possible B. positions work as a natural activity. like drama or rest C. can larn to accept and seek duty D. is capable of autonomy and self-denial E. has imaginativeness. inventiveness. and creativeness 72. _____ is based on pessimistic and negative premises about human nature. A. Theory Q B. Theory W C. Theory X D. Theory Y E. Theory Z 73. _____ is based on a positive set of premises about human nature. A. Theory Q B. Theory W C. Theory X D. Theory Y E. Theory Z 74. Harmonizing to the rules of entire quality direction ( TQM ) . betterment is _____ driven. A. stakeholder B. direction C. leader D. employee E. industry 75. â€Å"Continuous. customer-centered. employee-driven improvement† defines ___ . A. entire quality direction B. the eventuality attack C. the human dealingss motion D. organisational behaviour E. the Hawthorne bequest 76. W. Edwards Deming had much to state about how employees should be treated. Among other things. he called for ___ . A. formal preparation in managerial techniques B. an accent on single duty C. riddance of barriers to good craft D. accent on numerical quotas E. order giving and punishment 77. Harmonizing to W. Edwards Deming. _____ is required to bring out system ( e. g. . machinery ) failures. A. a fearful work environment B. new leading C. an interview with the go toing supervisor D. an interview with the employee responsible E. statistical analysis 78. Harmonizing to W. Edwards Deming. when things go incorrectly. there is approximately a ( N ) ______ per centum opportunity the system ( e. g. . direction. machinery. or regulations ) is at mistake and about a _____ per centum opportunity the single employee is at mistake. A. 55 ; 45 B. 65 ; 35 C. 75 ; 25 D. 85 ; 15 E. 95 ; 05 79. A common rule underlying assorted entire quality direction ( TQM ) plans is that one should ___ . A. hint faulty points back to the person responsible B. maintain a strong differentiation between labour and direction C. listen and learn from rivals D. maintain a strong Quality Inspection section E. do it compensate the first clip to extinguish dearly-won rework 80. Those born into the so called â€Å"net generation† topographic point a premium on ___ . A. isolation B. trust C. tradition D. construction E. freedom 81. _____ refers to purchasing and selling goods and services over the Internet whereas _____ refers to utilizing the Internet to ease every facet of running a concern. A. Virtual organisation ; practical squad B. E-business ; E-mail C. E-mail ; E-commerce D. Virtual squad ; practical organisation E. E-commerce ; E-business 82. _____ represents the productive potency of an individual’s cognition and actions. A. The Hawthorne bequest B. McGregor’s Theory X C. Human capital D. E-business E. Social capital 83. _____ represents the productive possible ensuing from strong relationships. good will. trust. and concerted attempt. A. The Hawthorne bequest B. McGregor’s Theory X C. Human capital D. E-business E. Social capital 84. Intel spends 1000000s of dollars each twelvemonth to promote instruction in math and scientific discipline. This policy ___ . A. builds human capital B. wastes organisational resources C. increases employee turnover D. reflects a Theory X position of human nature E. contradicts the instructions of Mary Parker Follett 85. A recent reappraisal of 30 old ages of concern literature led to the decision that good direction requires ___ . A. a clear intent and a prejudice toward action B. a willingness to set oneself before the organisation C. the occasional â€Å"bending of the rules† D. an IQ of at least 130 E. extended Six Sigma preparation 86. _____ is the procedure of working with and through others to accomplish organisational aims in an efficient and ethical mode. A. Entire quality direction B. Management C. The human relation motion D. Organizational behaviour E. The eventuality attack 87. Research by Henry Mintzberg and others has found that a typical manager’s twenty-four hours ___ . A. is a disconnected aggregation of brief episodes B. has few breaks C. has big blocks of clip for be aftering D. is contributing to reflective thought E. is chiefly exhausted planning and apportioning resources 88. Clark Wilson’s research outlined 11 accomplishments exhibited by effectual directors. Which of the followers is one of those managerial accomplishments? A. Provides feedback on annual intervals B. Makes one-sided determinations C. Provides intense force per unit area for end achievement D. Empowers and delegates responsibilities to others while keeping end lucidity and committedness E. Uses penalty and coerc ion to accomplish public presentation. 89. Which of the followers is a feature of a twenty-first century director? A. Vertical communicating forms B. Compensation based on clip and attempt C. A competitory position of interpersonal relationships D. Resistance to alter E. Sharing cardinal information. 90. Of the followers. which is a feature of a 21st-century director? A. Compensation based on clip. attempt. and rank. B. Sing people as a primary resource. C. A monocultural. monolingual orientation. D. Ethical considerations are made as an reconsideration. E. Hoarding power and cardinal information. 91. _____ calls for utilizing direction techniques in a situationally appropriate mode alternatively of trusting on ‘one best manner. ’ A. Human resource development B. Organizational behaviour C. The human dealingss motion D. The eventuality attack E. Total quality direction 92. Corporate officers in the United States are capable to high answerability criterions and rough punishments under the ______ Act. A. Swart-Surber B. Hayes-Rachel C. Gambino D. Sarbabes-Oxley E. Brown 93. The base of Carroll’s Global Corporate Social Responsibility Pyramid is _____ dut y. A. economic B. legal C. ethical D. philanthropic E. egocentric 94. In Hodgson’s seven moral rules. the impression of the holiness of human life is captured by ___ . A. self-respect of human life B. liberty C. honestness D. trueness E. humaneness 95. Harmonizing to a 2008 study. pupils at spiritual schools. comparative to pupils at public schools. are significantly more likely to ___ . A. follow ethical regulations of behavior B. darnel C. attend college D. efficaciously preserve their ideals throughout their lives E. work in the non-profit sector 96. In Hodgson’s seven moral rules. the impression of self finding is captured by ___ . A. self-respect of human life B. liberty C. honestness D. trueness E. humaneness 97. A _____ is a statistical pooling technique that allows behavioural scientists to pull decisions about certain variables from many different surveies. A. instance survey B. meta-analysis C. sample study D. field survey E. research lab survey 98. A _____ probes person or group processes in an organisational scene. A. inst ance survey B. meta-analysis C. sample study D. field survey E. research lab survey 99. In a ___ . variables are manipulated and measured in controlled state of affairss. A. instance survey B. meta-analysis C. sample study D. field survey E. research lab survey 100. _____ are characterized by high research preciseness. A. Field surveies B. Sample studies C. Laboratory surveies D. Case surveies E. Meta-analyses 101. A _____ is an in-depth analysis of a individual person. group. or organisation. A. Case study B. Meta-analysis C. Sample study D. Field study E. Laboratory survey 102. Organizational behaviour is a scientific discipline built on the foundation of a figure of older academic and applied Fieldss. What are some of these Fieldss and what are their alone parts to organisational behaviour? Be complete in your response and include. at a lower limit. five lending Fieldss. 103. Describe the premises behind McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y. How can McGregor’s Theory Y premises be applied to the jobs of pull offing in a modern working environment? 104. What is the difference between e-commerce and e-business? Describe the E-business deductions for organisational behaviour. 105. Define human capital. Describe the qualities and features of single human capital. Which of these features do you see in yourself? 106. Compare and contrast the features of past directors and twenty-first century directors. 107. Identify the seven general ethical rules and briefly describe each. Answers may run loosely as this inquiry calls for a synthesis of what pupils know about other Fieldss in concurrence with what they’re larning about OB. ] Organizational behaviour has been built upon the parts of psychological science. sociology. societal psychological science. anthropology. and political scientific discipline. Psychology has contributed to larning. perceptual experience. personality. emotions. preparation. leading effectivity. demands and motivational forces. occupation satisfaction. decision-making procedures. public presentation assessments. attitude measuring. employee choice techniques. work design. and occupation emphasis. Sociology has contributed through the survey of formal and complex organisations – including group kineticss. design of work squads. organisational civilization. formal organisation theory and construction. organisational engineering. communications. power. and struggle. Social psychological science has contributed in the countr ies of mensurating. apprehension. and altering attitudes ; communicating forms ; constructing trust ; the ways in which group activities can fulfill demands ; and group decision-making procedures. Anthropology has contributed to an apprehension of organisational civilization. organisational environments. and differences between national civilizations. Political scientific discipline has contributed to an apprehension of structuring of struggle. allotment of power. and how people manipulate power for single opportunism. One strength of organisational behaviour is its ability to assist us understand complex topics by uniting the positions offered from such diverse subjects. 103. ( p. 8 ) Theory Ten premises are pessimistic and negative in nature. It is assumed that people dislike work and will avoid it when possible. that they must be coerced and threatened and that they prefer to be directed. Theory Y premises are positive in nature. In this instance. it is assumed that people are capable of autonomy. they will be committed to organisational aims if they are rewarded for making so. and the typical employee will seek duty and has imaginativeness. inventiveness and creativeness. Surveys suggest that most employees would prefer to go an built-in portion of the organisation. but they feel a deficiency of connexion with their supervisor or with the organisation. Theory Y premises expressed by directors would assist mend this gulf between employees and organisations. 104. ( p. 12 ) E-commerce refers to the purchasing and merchandising of goods and services over the Internet. E-business is much broader in range and refers to the usage of the Internet to ease every facet of running a concern. E-business can radically change any activity that depends significantly on the flow of information. This might include everything from client demands and merchandise design to monetary values. agendas. fundss. employee public presentation informations. and corporate scheme. Directors and employees have entree to greater measures of information because communicating crosses traditional organisational boundaries. 105. ( p. 14 ) Human capital is the productive potency of an individual’s cognition and actions. Features of human capital include single intelligence. aspirations. proficient and societal accomplishments. self-pride. enterprise. adaptability. preparedness to larn. creativeness. enthusiasm. motive and committedness. continuity. ethical criterions . honestness and emotional adulthood. How pupils relate these concepts to their ain experience will change loosely. 106. ( p. 17 ) Past directors saw themselves as order-givers who relied on formal authorization as a beginning of influence. Communication forms were typically perpendicular in nature and information was restricted. Employees were frequently viewed as a beginning of jobs and competitory interpersonal relationships. twenty-first century directors see themselves as facilitators and managers. They rely on proficient and interpersonal cognition as a power base. Communication flows in multiple waies and information is shared. Employees are viewed as a valued resource and spouses in concerted interpersonal relationships. 107. ( p. 24 ) The seven general ethical rules include self-respect of human life. liberty. honestness. trueness. equity. humaneness. and the common good. Dignity of human life means that worlds have a right to populate and to be treated with regard. Autonomy means that all individuals are per se valuable and therefore hold rights to self-government and equal human autonomy. Honesty means that the world of the state of affairs should be told to those who have a right to cognize it. Loyalty means that promises. contracts. and committednesss should be honored. Fairness means that one has a right to be treated reasonably. impartially. and equitably. and has the duty to handle others reasonably and rightly. Humaneness means that our actions ought to make good to ourselves and others and we should avoid making evil. The common good agencies that actions should profit the public assistance of the largest figure of people while seeking to protect the rights of persons.